Does UPI have any hidden fees?

UPI transactions between individuals for personal use are free, as confirmed by current policy and official communications, and there are no fees charged to customers for sending or receiving money. However, digital wallet transactions above ₹2,000 may incur an interchange fee (0.5%–1.1%) paid by the merchant, not the user. Some high-value or merchant payments may also include minimal charges as per bank or NPCI guidelines.