Are UPI transfers really free?

For individual users, most UPI transactions are free, especially personal bank-to-bank payments and peer-to-peer transfers. This is due to guidelines from the National Payments Corporation of India (NPCI) to encourage digital payments. Fees may apply to merchants for digital wallet-based payments exceeding ₹2,000; however, customers do not pay these charges. Paytm services for users are also free for sending money, receiving funds, paying bills, and shopping online.